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Location
Umbria in central Italy has a surface area of 8.546 km² and is one of the smallest regions of Italy and the only region without a coastline. It is bordered in the east and north-east by Marche, in the north-west by Tuscany and the south-east by Lazio.
The region was inhabited by Umbrii and Etruscans. In 672 BCE Terni was founded. After the Battle of Santino in 295 BCE, Umbria was conquered by the Romans who established several colonies and built the Via Flaminia (220 BCE) across the territory. The Battle of Lake Trasimeno took place during the invasion of Hannibal in the 2nd Punic war. Perugia was razed to the ground in the Bellum Perusium during the civil war between Marco Antonio and Ottaviano in 40 BCE.
At the end of the Roman Empire the region was contested by the Ostrogoths and Byzantines and in the eastern part of the region the Longobard Dukedom of Spoleto was founded (independent between 571 and the mid 13th-century). The Byzantines retained the so-called Byzantine corridor, a strip of land along the river Tiber and subject to the Exarcate of Ravenna. Charlemagne conquered the greater of part of the Longobard territory and ceded it to the Pope. The cities gained some autonomy and were frequently at war becoming part of the general conflict between the Papacy and the Empire and between the Guelfs and the Ghibellines.
After the French revolution it became part of the Roman Republic and the Napoleonic Empire (1809-1814). In 1860, Umbria, along with the rest of the Papal States, was joined to the new kingdom of Italy.